Heat Transfer by Conduction

Heat transfer by conduction can be calculated using the formula Q = (k * A * ΔT) / L, where:

• Q is the heat transfer through the material (in Watts),
• k is the thermal conductivity of the material (in Watts per meter-Kelvin),
• A is the cross-sectional area through which heat is being transferred (in square meters),
• ΔT is the temperature difference across the material (in Kelvin or Celsius),
• L is the thickness of the material through which heat is being conducted (in meters).

The formula is derived from Fourier's law of heat conduction and is used under the assumption of steady-state heat transfer through a homogeneous, isotropic material with no internal heat generation.

This equation is important for designing insulation for buildings, calculating heat loss in pipes or wires, and any application where heat transfer through solid objects needs to be managed or controlled.